Penilaian Bahaya Gelombang dan Gelombang Badai Pesisir
Flood & Coastal Erosion Risk
2.2.2.1 Breakwater armour units
A large variety of precast
concrete armour units have been invented
over the years, from a simple cube to complex shapes such as the cob and
tetrahedron, and a selection of these are illustrated in Fig. 2.52. Breakwater
armour units are typically plain, unreinforced concrete without any steel
reinforcement. Some units are used in single layers, and some require two
layers to pack and function correctly. 
Armour
Unit
Armour
units are designed to have a certain mass for stability, which is a function of
the wave conditions, breakwater geometry and the type of unit. From: Marine
Concrete Structures, 2016Generally,
concrete armor units are made of conventional unreinforced concrete except for
some of the multi-hole cubes where fiber reinforcement is used. For slender
units, such as Dolos with small waist ratios, various types of high-strength
concrete and reinforcement (conventional bars, prestressing, fibers, scrap
iron, steel profiles) have been considered. But these solutions are generally
less cost-effective, and they are seldom used (EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI) 1
Jun 06 Page VI-2-20 Types and Functions of Coastal
Structures, & CEM)
Reinforcement
Methods
exist to design concrete reinforcement for CAUs16, in particular concrete
quality, cover and quality of reinforcement in such a manner that chloride
induced corrosion would not be critical before the design life of the units. However, the use of reinforcement in CAUs is generally
avoided as any quality issue could significantly alter the role of
reinforcement. Alternative design approach (such as larger or
denser units) may achieve similar hydraulic performance / stability while
avoiding the cost and risk associated with the use of reinforcement.
Armour Unit
Reinforcement
Methods
exist to design concrete reinforcement for CAUs16, in particular concrete
quality, cover and quality of reinforcement in such a manner that chloride
induced corrosion would not be critical before the design life of the units. However, the use of reinforcement in CAUs is generally
avoided as any quality issue could significantly alter the role of
reinforcement. Alternative design approach (such as larger or
denser units) may achieve similar hydraulic performance / stability while
avoiding the cost and risk associated with the use of reinforcement.
Rujukan Pengamanan Pantai
A. Internasional
Coastal Engineering Manual, 2002
EurOtop Second Edition 2018 & Errata 2019
B. Nasional
Pengamanan Pantai (Permen PUPR-07-2015
Pedoman Pengamanan Pantai (Permen PU-09-2010)
Pemberlakuan Pedoman PKBP Pantai (SEPU-07-2010)
Pedoman Perencanaan JettyTipe Timbunan
Pelatihan Pelaksanaan Fisik Bangunan Pantai
Tetrapods were originally developed in 1950 by Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac of Laboratoire Dauphinois d'Hydraulique (now Artelia) in Grenoble, France, who received a patent for the design.[3].
25. As discussed above, some breakage of armor units can be expected if they are placed by floating plant in exposed locations. Since sufficient information is lacking, concerning the forces to which armor units are subjected, to allow accurate stress analyses, and because adequate data from which the percent of armor units that are broken for different conditions of wave attack are not available, it is not possible at this time to make rational judgments concerning the necessity for armor-unit reinforcement.(Concrete Armor Units For Protection Against Wave Attack Report Of Ad Hoc Committee On Artificial Armor Units For Coastal Structures, Edited By R. Y. Hudson, January 1974)
“The Tetrapod has a relatively compact shape, with generously-proportioned transition sections between the legs and the central "body" of the block, which give it considerable strength; both experimental breaking tests and work site experience have shown steel reinforcement to be unnecessary, which is a great advantage for any constructional material intended for maritime work.”
The Feasibility study on the urgent Bali beach conservation project final report : summary. –
Pengamanan pantai dengan metode Motor Pasir. Disebut Motor Pasir karena yang menggeser suplai timbunan pasir untuk memperkuat garis pantai pasir adalah tenaga penggerak angin, ombak dan arus laut itu sendiri. Hasil penerapan metode Motor Pasir di Belanda diperlukan 21,5 juta m3 pasir ditimbun membentuk semenanjung di suatu pantai yang mengalami erosi berat. Awalnya timbunan pasir di semenanjung ini tingginyai 5-7 m dan menjorok 1 km ke arah laut. Timbunan pasir tersebut akan bergerak ke seluruh pantai dalam waktu 5-20 thn. Area yang dilindungi semakin jauh dan pantai pasir yang terbentuk semakin luas dari waktu ke waktu, dengan demikian alam membangun kembali dirinya sendiri
Anlisa Gelombang Laut (upade Jun'15)
Bangunan Pengendali Erosi Pantai
Contoh Soal Rekayasa Pantai (update Agt'15)
Desain Bangunan Pengendali Erosi Pantai
Pengendalian Erosi Pantai (Low Cost)
Tekanan Gelombang Pecah (Goda)
Coastal Eng. Manual, European, 2016 (pdf)
Coastal Eng. Manual, European, 2018 (web)
Coastal Eng. Manual, USACE (web)
Engineering Manual USACE (web)
Coastal Eng. Manual, USACE, 2008 (pdf)
Guidelines for single layer hollow cube armor systems for breakwaters and related marine structures
Design of Concrete Armour Layers
Reviewof the use of concrete in the manufacture of concrete armour units
Experimental Study on the Placement of a New Concrete Armour Unit for Coastal Structures
Stability of Costal Structure (Lecture by LC van Rijn, Jan 2018)
SIMPLECOAST; A collection of diverse simple tools for a preliminary assessment of coastal problems and solutions in coastal areas. Each tool is illustrated by short tutorials, describing relevant formulas and practical application examples. SIMPLECOAST (xls files)
Coastal Groins and Nearshore Breakwaters (USACE, 1992)
Tetrapods, intended to protect coasts and river banks, are often unreinforced. The possibility of tetrapod damage during transportation and installation, as well as the usage of unreinforced tetrapods would severely limit the effectiveness or load-bearing capacity of tetrapod for the stated purpose. Therefore, this study focuses on the calculation of the load-bearing capacity and residual-load-bearing capacity (load-bearing capacity after cracking or at larger crack-widths) of concrete tetrapod reinforced with synthetic-polymer fibers, which could be used for cases where the tetrapod are subjected to relatively high vertical-loads. (Žiga Unuk and Milan Kuhta , 2022)
References
1. Henszey, R.J.; Wesche, T.A.; Skinner, Q.D.; Fanning, E.J. Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art Streambank Stabilization; Wyoming Water Research Center, University of Wyoming: Laramie, WY, USA, 1989.
2. Bakker, P.; van den Berge, A.; Hakenberg, R.; Klabbers, M.; Muttray, M.; Reedijk, B.; Rovers, I. Development of Concrete Breakwater Armour Units. In Proceedings of the 1st Coastal Estuary and Offshore Engineering Specialty Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Moncton, NB, Canada, 4–7 June 2003.
3. Lim, J.H.;Won, D.; Han, T.H.; Kang, Y.-J. Evaluation of the Weak Part for Wave Dissipating Blocks under Various Conditions: Tetrapod. J. Korea Acad. -Ind. Coop. Soc. 2014, 15, 5385–5392.
4. Azenha, M.; Sena-Cruz, J.; Camões, A.; Ferreira, R.M. Numerical Simulation of the Structural Behaviour of Concrete Tetrapods Subject to Imposed Deformations and Applied Loads. In Proceedings of the Congress on Numerical Methods in Engineering 2011, Coimbra, Portugal, 14–17 June 2011.
5. Mitsui, J.; Yamamoto, M.; Noboru, S.; Nishiwaki, I. Impact Force Analysis on Wave Dissipating Concrete Blocks during Rocking Motion. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering 2010, Shanghai, China, 30 June – 5 July 2010.
6. Min, E.-J.; Cheon, S.-H.; Suh, K.-D. Comparison of Stability Coefficients of Radial Shape Armor Blocks Depending on Placement Methods. J. Korean Soc. Coast. Ocean. Eng. 2015, 27, 135–141. [CrossRef]
7. Alexander, M. Marine Concrete Structures: Design, Durability and Performance; Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, UK, 2016; ISBN 0-08-100084-7.
